The question of whether particles of light have mass has been asked in natural philosophy for centuries, starting with theories such as the corpuscular theory of Newton and contemporaries, based in turn on older ideas back to classical times. In the early twentieth century, Planck and Einstein introduced the concept of the photon, the quantum of light energy. It was proposed by Einstein and others, notably in about 1906, that the photon has mass. The behavior of a photon is strange. The aim of this work is to attempt to theoretically investigate the rest mass of a photon from Maxwell’s equation and Compton scattering theory. In this paper the equation of the electric field intensity in the presence of polarization in vacuum is derived. Maxwell's equations can describe state of electromagnetic waves in any medium. Their physical content is familiar; these equations are derived from the laws of electricity and magnetism. According to electromagnetic theory, the rest mass of photon in free space is zero and also photon has non-zero rest mass, as well as wavelength-dependent. To apply Maxwell's equations and Compton scattering theory this is modified to find the photon rest mass is of the order ~10-49 g which is comparable to that obtained by Coulomb experiment which is of the order ~10-44 g. Our theoretical work on the speculative mass of the photon must be experimentally verified and may open up plausible new applications in different fields.
| Published in | American Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications (Volume 9, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12 |
| Page(s) | 7-12 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Maxwell's Equations, Polarization, Photon Mass
| [1] | Marcel Miyamura Bonilhaa, Dayse Iara dos Santosa, Nelcy Della Santina Mohallemc, Luciana Moreira Searac, Anne Hitomi Yonamineb. 2017. Structural, Atomic and Electrostatic Force Microscopy Analyses on YBCO/PBCO/LCMO Superlattices. Materials Research. 2017; 20 (4): 904-911. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2016-0725. |
| [2] | Michael R. Koblischka, Sugali Pavan Kumar Naik, Anjela Koblischka-Veneva, Masato Murakami, Denis Gokhfeld, Eddula Sudhakar Reddy, Georg J. Schmitz. 13 March 2019, Superconducting YBCO Foams as Trapped Field Magnets. Materials 2019, 12, 853. Doi: 10.3390/ma12060853. |
| [3] | K. S. Martirosyan, E. Galstyan, Y. Y. Xue, D. Luss. 19 March 2008. The fabrication of YBCO superconductor polycrystalline powder by CCSO. Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21 (2008) 065008 (5pp). doi: 10.1088/0953-2048/21/6/065008. |
| [4] | Grado-Caffaro M, Grado-Caffaro M. 2013, Photon rest-mass and velocity versus wave-length. Optik; 124 (16): 2549–50. |
| [5] | Grado-Caffaro M, Grado-Caffaro M. 2010, An ultrarelativistic approach to derive thephoton rest-mass as a function of wavelength. Optik; 121 (2): 214–5. |
| [6] | Tan C. 2015, Imaginary rest mass of a photon in a dispersive medium. Optik; 126 (24): 5304–6. |
| [7] | G. A. Shams, A. Mahmoodinezhad. 05 June 2016. INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELDS ON THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF BULK YBCO SUPERCONDUCTOR WITH NANOMETER-SIZED AL2O3 INCLUSIONS. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences ISSN 1112-9867. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.8vi2s.16. |
| [8] | Woan G. 2003 The Cambridge handbook of physics formulas. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. |
| [9] | Tavana, M. Akhavan. 25 November 2009. How Tc can go above 100 K in the YBCO family. Eur. Phys. J. B (2009) DOI: 10.1140/epjb/e2009-00396-7. |
| [10] | Kubo, Y. 005, Electron correlation effects on Compton profiles of copper in the GW approximation. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 2, 66, 2202–2206. |
| [11] | N. Y. Erwana, A. N. Jannah, N. A. 11 May 2018. Jamion1. Preparation and Characterization of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBCO) Superconductor with Addition of Cobalt Oxide (CO3O4). Journal of Academia UiTM Negeri Sembilan Vol. 6, Issue 1, 31-38. |
| [12] | Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2013, June 6). Electric displacement. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/electric-displacement |
| [13] | Shinichi Mukoyama, Masashi Yagi, Hirao Hirata, Mitsuo Suzuki, Shigeo Nagaya, Naoji Kashima, Yuh Shiohara. 2009. Development of YBCO High-Tc, Superconducting Power Cables. Furukawa Review, No. 35. |
| [14] | R. Aima, S. A. Halim, S. K. Chen, M. M. Awang Kechik. 2018. The Effect of Sm2O3 Nanoparticle Inclusion on Superconducting Properties of YBCO Ceramics. ASM Sci. J. Special Issue 2018 (1) AiMS2018, 8-16. |
| [15] | Mahendra Goray, Ramesh Naidu Annavarapu, Rest mass of photon on the surface of matter, Results in Physics, Volume 16,2020,102866,ISSN2211-3797, doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102866 |
| [16] | MISHRA, UMESH K. and SINKH, JASPRIT. 2008. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PHYSICS AND DESIGN. 1st ed. Netherland: Springer press. E-book. |
APA Style
Amna Al Ata Ahmed Salih, Abdelnabi Ali Elamin, Ali Sulaiman Mohamed, Nafisa Bader Eldeen. (2021). Finding the Photon Mass from Maxwell's Equations and Compton Scattering Theory. American Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications, 9(1), 7-12. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12
ACS Style
Amna Al Ata Ahmed Salih; Abdelnabi Ali Elamin; Ali Sulaiman Mohamed; Nafisa Bader Eldeen. Finding the Photon Mass from Maxwell's Equations and Compton Scattering Theory. Am. J. Electromagn. Appl. 2021, 9(1), 7-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12
AMA Style
Amna Al Ata Ahmed Salih, Abdelnabi Ali Elamin, Ali Sulaiman Mohamed, Nafisa Bader Eldeen. Finding the Photon Mass from Maxwell's Equations and Compton Scattering Theory. Am J Electromagn Appl. 2021;9(1):7-12. doi: 10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12,
author = {Amna Al Ata Ahmed Salih and Abdelnabi Ali Elamin and Ali Sulaiman Mohamed and Nafisa Bader Eldeen},
title = {Finding the Photon Mass from Maxwell's Equations and Compton Scattering Theory},
journal = {American Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications},
volume = {9},
number = {1},
pages = {7-12},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajea.20210901.12},
abstract = {The question of whether particles of light have mass has been asked in natural philosophy for centuries, starting with theories such as the corpuscular theory of Newton and contemporaries, based in turn on older ideas back to classical times. In the early twentieth century, Planck and Einstein introduced the concept of the photon, the quantum of light energy. It was proposed by Einstein and others, notably in about 1906, that the photon has mass. The behavior of a photon is strange. The aim of this work is to attempt to theoretically investigate the rest mass of a photon from Maxwell’s equation and Compton scattering theory. In this paper the equation of the electric field intensity in the presence of polarization in vacuum is derived. Maxwell's equations can describe state of electromagnetic waves in any medium. Their physical content is familiar; these equations are derived from the laws of electricity and magnetism. According to electromagnetic theory, the rest mass of photon in free space is zero and also photon has non-zero rest mass, as well as wavelength-dependent. To apply Maxwell's equations and Compton scattering theory this is modified to find the photon rest mass is of the order ~10-49 g which is comparable to that obtained by Coulomb experiment which is of the order ~10-44 g. Our theoretical work on the speculative mass of the photon must be experimentally verified and may open up plausible new applications in different fields.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Finding the Photon Mass from Maxwell's Equations and Compton Scattering Theory AU - Amna Al Ata Ahmed Salih AU - Abdelnabi Ali Elamin AU - Ali Sulaiman Mohamed AU - Nafisa Bader Eldeen Y1 - 2021/07/06 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12 T2 - American Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications JF - American Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications JO - American Journal of Electromagnetics and Applications SP - 7 EP - 12 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2376-5984 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajea.20210901.12 AB - The question of whether particles of light have mass has been asked in natural philosophy for centuries, starting with theories such as the corpuscular theory of Newton and contemporaries, based in turn on older ideas back to classical times. In the early twentieth century, Planck and Einstein introduced the concept of the photon, the quantum of light energy. It was proposed by Einstein and others, notably in about 1906, that the photon has mass. The behavior of a photon is strange. The aim of this work is to attempt to theoretically investigate the rest mass of a photon from Maxwell’s equation and Compton scattering theory. In this paper the equation of the electric field intensity in the presence of polarization in vacuum is derived. Maxwell's equations can describe state of electromagnetic waves in any medium. Their physical content is familiar; these equations are derived from the laws of electricity and magnetism. According to electromagnetic theory, the rest mass of photon in free space is zero and also photon has non-zero rest mass, as well as wavelength-dependent. To apply Maxwell's equations and Compton scattering theory this is modified to find the photon rest mass is of the order ~10-49 g which is comparable to that obtained by Coulomb experiment which is of the order ~10-44 g. Our theoretical work on the speculative mass of the photon must be experimentally verified and may open up plausible new applications in different fields. VL - 9 IS - 1 ER -
Information
Email: