Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria

Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria

Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade

Published in Communication and Linguistics Studies (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 26 May 2022 Accepted: 16 June 2022 Published: 5 August 2023

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Abstract

Etuno is a dialect of Ebira located in Igara the headquarters of Akoko-edo local government area of Edo state. Etuno by migration found itself in a linguistic enclave surrounded by a dominant regional language; Yoruba, and other Akokoid languages such as Okpameri, Somorika, Uneme, Ososo, Ẹtunọ, Ikpeshi, Okpe, Akan, Enwa among others. The contact situation of Etuno and these other minority languages and dialects in the continuum, also with English and the official language and Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) as a form of regional lingual franca, accounts for the a hybridization of lexical items in Etuno. Against this background, this research therefore aims at examining the contact situation of Ẹtunọ, a dialect of Ebira language spoken in Ìgarà, Akoko-Edo local government area of Edo state Nigeria. The main objective of the work is to identify the extent of linguistic and socio-cultural borrowing from other dialects and languages within the linguistic enclave. Lexical and sentential data were elicited from selected natives of Ìgarà dominantly in a relaxed context. The researcher engaged in a participant observation to record the data conversation. The recorded data were transcribed and descriptively analysed. The study showed that there is heavy loan-words found in Ẹtunọ from English, Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) and Yoruba. This reveals a pattern of code-mixing and code-switching in the conversation of the natives. The study also showed that socio-cultural items are also borrowed which is a reflection of the socio-linguistic hybridisation among the natives in the mixed community they found themselves.

Published in	Communication and Linguistics Studies (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11
Page(s)	47-53
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Ẹtunọ, Language Contact, Loan-Words, Code-Switching, Socio-Cultural

References

[1]	Adegbite, A. 2021. ‘Language Policy for National Integration in a Multilingual Nigeria’, In Oluwadoro, O. and S. Maikanti (eds.) Readings in Applied Linguistics, A festschrift for Solomon Oluwole Oyetade. Pp. 7-25.
[2]	Adeniyi, K. 2015. Downstep in Three-Tone Systems of West Benue-Congo Languages. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. University of Ibadan.
[3]	Adive, J. R. 1989. The verbal Piece in Èbìrà. SIL.
[4]	Bamigbade, O. E. 2016. “Language Shift and Lexical Merger: A Case Study of Ilaje and Apoi”, Ihafa: A Journal of African Studies Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 108-123.
[5]	Bamigbade, O. E. 2018. “Language Use and the Endangerment of Etuno in Igara, Edo State, Nigeria”. An Unpublished PhD. Thesis in the Department of Linguistics and African Languages, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.
[6]	Bankale, O. A. 2006. Comparative Nupoid and Eboroid. Unpublished PhD. Thesis in the Department of Linguistics and African Languages, University of Ibadan.
[7]	Campbell L. 2013. Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
[8]	Chokor, B. 2011. ‘Edo North: Language Diversity from Settlement and Housing Forms’. In F. Egbokhare, K. Olatunbosun and M. Emerson (eds.) Edo North: Field Studies of the Languages and Lands of the Northern Edo. Bodija, Nigeria. Zenith Book House.
[9]	Eberhard, D. M., Gary F. S. and C. D. Fennig (eds.). 2022. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Twenty-fifth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com.
[10]	List, J. M., Nelson-Sathi, S., Geisler, H. and W. Martin. 2014. Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution. Bioessays. 2014; 36 (2): 141–150. pmid: 24375688.
[11]	Miller, J. E., Tresoldi, T., Zariquiey, R., Beltrán and CA, Morozova, N. 2020. Using lexical language models to detect borrowings in monolingual wordlists. PLoS ONE 15 (12): e0242709. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242709
[12]	Muhammad, I. O. 2002. Local Language (Ẹtunọ-Ẹtunọ) for Primary and Junior Secondary Schools in Ẹtunọ. Olos Computers, Ẹtunọ.
[13]	Oyetade, S. O. ‘Incipient Language Shift in Auga, Akoko. In Oluwadoro, O. and S. Maikanti (eds.) Readings in Applied Linguistics, A festschrift for Solomon Oluwole Oyetade. Pp. 441-460.
[14]	Pogoson, I. 2011. Discerning Northern Edo, Benin and Yorùbá Linkages: Wood and Metal Staffs in Northern Edo. In F. Egbokhare, K. Olatunbosun and M. Emerson (eds.) Edo North: Field Studies of the Languages and Lands of the Northern Edo. Bodija, Nigeria. Zenith Book House.
[15]	Zhang, L., Manni, F., Fabri, R. and J. Nerbonne. 2019. Detecting loan words computationally; Draft, submitted to the Contact Language Libraries series.

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Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade. (2023). Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria. Communication and Linguistics Studies, 9(3), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade. Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria. Commun. Linguist. Stud. 2023, 9(3), 47-53. doi: 10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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AMA Style

Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade. Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria. Commun Linguist Stud. 2023;9(3):47-53. doi: 10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11,
  author = {Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade},
  title = {Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria},
  journal = {Communication and Linguistics Studies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {47-53},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cls.20230903.11},
  abstract = {Etuno is a dialect of Ebira located in Igara the headquarters of Akoko-edo local government area of Edo state. Etuno by migration found itself in a linguistic enclave surrounded by a dominant regional language; Yoruba, and other Akokoid languages such as Okpameri, Somorika, Uneme, Ososo, Ẹtunọ, Ikpeshi, Okpe, Akan, Enwa among others. The contact situation of Etuno and these other minority languages and dialects in the continuum, also with English and the official language and Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) as a form of regional lingual franca, accounts for the a hybridization of lexical items in Etuno. Against this background, this research therefore aims at examining the contact situation of Ẹtunọ, a dialect of Ebira language spoken in Ìgarà, Akoko-Edo local government area of Edo state Nigeria. The main objective of the work is to identify the extent of linguistic and socio-cultural borrowing from other dialects and languages within the linguistic enclave. Lexical and sentential data were elicited from selected natives of Ìgarà dominantly in a relaxed context. The researcher engaged in a participant observation to record the data conversation. The recorded data were transcribed and descriptively analysed. The study showed that there is heavy loan-words found in Ẹtunọ from English, Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) and Yoruba. This reveals a pattern of code-mixing and code-switching in the conversation of the natives. The study also showed that socio-cultural items are also borrowed which is a reflection of the socio-linguistic hybridisation among the natives in the mixed community they found themselves.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria
AU - Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade
Y1 - 2023/08/05
PY - 2023
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11
DO - 10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11
T2 - Communication and Linguistics Studies
JF - Communication and Linguistics Studies
JO - Communication and Linguistics Studies
SP - 47
EP - 53
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2380-2529
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11
AB - Etuno is a dialect of Ebira located in Igara the headquarters of Akoko-edo local government area of Edo state. Etuno by migration found itself in a linguistic enclave surrounded by a dominant regional language; Yoruba, and other Akokoid languages such as Okpameri, Somorika, Uneme, Ososo, Ẹtunọ, Ikpeshi, Okpe, Akan, Enwa among others. The contact situation of Etuno and these other minority languages and dialects in the continuum, also with English and the official language and Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) as a form of regional lingual franca, accounts for the a hybridization of lexical items in Etuno. Against this background, this research therefore aims at examining the contact situation of Ẹtunọ, a dialect of Ebira language spoken in Ìgarà, Akoko-Edo local government area of Edo state Nigeria. The main objective of the work is to identify the extent of linguistic and socio-cultural borrowing from other dialects and languages within the linguistic enclave. Lexical and sentential data were elicited from selected natives of Ìgarà dominantly in a relaxed context. The researcher engaged in a participant observation to record the data conversation. The recorded data were transcribed and descriptively analysed. The study showed that there is heavy loan-words found in Ẹtunọ from English, Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) and Yoruba. This reveals a pattern of code-mixing and code-switching in the conversation of the natives. The study also showed that socio-cultural items are also borrowed which is a reflection of the socio-linguistic hybridisation among the natives in the mixed community they found themselves.
VL - 9
IS - 3
ER -

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Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade

Department of Linguistics and African Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

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APA Style

Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade. (2023). Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria. Communication and Linguistics Studies, 9(3), 47-53. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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ACS Style

Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade. Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria. Commun. Linguist. Stud. 2023, 9(3), 47-53. doi: 10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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AMA Style

Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade. Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria. Commun Linguist Stud. 2023;9(3):47-53. doi: 10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11,
  author = {Oluwafemi Emmanuel Bamigbade},
  title = {Socio-linguistic Borrowing in Etunọ in Akoko-Edo, Nigeria},
  journal = {Communication and Linguistics Studies},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {47-53},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cls.20230903.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cls.20230903.11},
  abstract = {Etuno is a dialect of Ebira located in Igara the headquarters of Akoko-edo local government area of Edo state. Etuno by migration found itself in a linguistic enclave surrounded by a dominant regional language; Yoruba, and other Akokoid languages such as Okpameri, Somorika, Uneme, Ososo, Ẹtunọ, Ikpeshi, Okpe, Akan, Enwa among others. The contact situation of Etuno and these other minority languages and dialects in the continuum, also with English and the official language and Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) as a form of regional lingual franca, accounts for the a hybridization of lexical items in Etuno. Against this background, this research therefore aims at examining the contact situation of Ẹtunọ, a dialect of Ebira language spoken in Ìgarà, Akoko-Edo local government area of Edo state Nigeria. The main objective of the work is to identify the extent of linguistic and socio-cultural borrowing from other dialects and languages within the linguistic enclave. Lexical and sentential data were elicited from selected natives of Ìgarà dominantly in a relaxed context. The researcher engaged in a participant observation to record the data conversation. The recorded data were transcribed and descriptively analysed. The study showed that there is heavy loan-words found in Ẹtunọ from English, Naija (Nigeria Pidgin) and Yoruba. This reveals a pattern of code-mixing and code-switching in the conversation of the natives. The study also showed that socio-cultural items are also borrowed which is a reflection of the socio-linguistic hybridisation among the natives in the mixed community they found themselves.},
 year = {2023}
}

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