Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due

Jose Luiz Guarino; Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira

doi:doi:10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due

Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira

Published in Control Science and Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 1)

Received: 9 January 2023 Accepted: 1 February 2023 Published: 16 February 2023

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Abstract

This paper describes the retrofit of a governor electronic-analogical of a Francis turbine of a synchronous generator of the decade of 1960. The author has many years of experience in maintenance in governors of hydroelectric power plants including excitation systems. Governors are responsible to maintain constant the frequency of a power electric net. The original model of the governor in question was obtained in local field tests, not related in this paper. In this retrofit, time constants were maintained to respect the original project and avoid hydraulic harmful and dangerous transitory problems. The original continuous model of the governor was simplified toa a second order model. The second order continuous model was emulated to a discrete system. The difference equation was created and microcontroller Arduino Due was programming. The digital controller produced, was syntonized to cancel the mathematical function of the servomotor, to reduce the grade of the resulted system obtaining a second order system. The hydraulic part of the governor was simulated using 741 operational amplifiers. During the tests in the workbench the author burned two Arduino’s electronic cards so it was necessary to create the electronic interface between Arduino and the 741 amp op including over and under voltage protection. The complete set was successfully tested in workbench. The mathematical models were priory simulated with Matlab-Simulink and there were the corresponding electronic simulations in workbench that confirmed the results. This retrofit solution, using Arduino Due, is of low cost compared to traditional manufacturers.

Published in	Control Science and Engineering (Volume 7, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11
Page(s)	1-11
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Governor, Retrofit, Arduino Due

References

[1]	Jose Luiz Guarino. Modelagem e Digitalização de Regulador de Velocidade Eletrônico-Analógico da Década de 1960 de Turbina Hidráulica Francis de Gerador Síncrono. 2014 http://mcct.uff.br select: Documentos/Teses, Dissertações, number 15.
[2]	F. P. de Mello. Dinâmica e Controle da Geração, Curso de Engenharia em Sistemas Elétricos de Potência, serie PTI Convenio Eletrobrás/UFSM, 1979.
[3]	Fitzgerald & Kingsley. Electric Machinery. Mc Graw Hill, 1980.
[4]	Ogata. Modern Control Engineering. Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982.
[5]	Gene F. Franklin, J. David Powell, Michael L. Workman. Digital Control of Dynamic Systems. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990.
[6]	D’Azzo & Houpis. Linear Control System Analysis and Design. Mc Graw-Hill, Inc. 1975.
[7]	Archibald Joseph Macintyre. Máquinas motrizes hidráulocas. Guanabara Dois, 1983.
[8]	Karl J. Aström & Björn Wittenmark. Computer-controlled systems, theory and design. Dover Publications, Inc. 1997.
[9]	Saber Elaydi. An introduction to difference equations. Springer. 2005.
[10]	Arduino. www.arduino.cc 2013.
[11]	Michael Margolis. Arduino Cookbook. O’Reilly Media Inc. 2011.
[12]	Ramakant A. Gayakwad. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits. Prentice Hall. 1993.
[13]	Texas Instrument www.ti.com datasheet op. amp. 741. 2013.
[14]	Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias. Integrated Electronics. Mc Graw-Hill, 1972.
[15]	João Marcos Castro Soares. Identificação experimental, simulação e ajuste de reguladores de velocidade de usinas hidrelétricas com verificação em testes de campo. Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria-RS. Brasil. 1982.

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Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. (2023). Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. Control Science and Engineering, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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ACS Style

Jose Luiz Guarino; Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. Control Sci. Eng. 2023, 7(1), 1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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AMA Style

Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. Control Sci Eng. 2023;7(1):1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11,
  author = {Jose Luiz Guarino and Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira},
  title = {Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due},
  journal = {Control Science and Engineering},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cse.20230701.11},
  abstract = {This paper describes the retrofit of a governor electronic-analogical of a Francis turbine of a synchronous generator of the decade of 1960. The author has many years of experience in maintenance in governors of hydroelectric power plants including excitation systems. Governors are responsible to maintain constant the frequency of a power electric net. The original model of the governor in question was obtained in local field tests, not related in this paper. In this retrofit, time constants were maintained to respect the original project and avoid hydraulic harmful and dangerous transitory problems. The original continuous model of the governor was simplified toa a second order model. The second order continuous model was emulated to a discrete system. The difference equation was created and microcontroller Arduino Due was programming. The digital controller produced, was syntonized to cancel the mathematical function of the servomotor, to reduce the grade of the resulted system obtaining a second order system. The hydraulic part of the governor was simulated using 741 operational amplifiers. During the tests in the workbench the author burned two Arduino’s electronic cards so it was necessary to create the electronic interface between Arduino and the 741 amp op including over and under voltage protection. The complete set was successfully tested in workbench. The mathematical models were priory simulated with Matlab-Simulink and there were the corresponding electronic simulations in workbench that confirmed the results. This retrofit solution, using Arduino Due, is of low cost compared to traditional manufacturers.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due
AU - Jose Luiz Guarino
AU - Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira
Y1 - 2023/02/16
PY - 2023
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11
DO - 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11
T2 - Control Science and Engineering
JF - Control Science and Engineering
JO - Control Science and Engineering
SP - 1
EP - 11
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2994-7421
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11
AB - This paper describes the retrofit of a governor electronic-analogical of a Francis turbine of a synchronous generator of the decade of 1960. The author has many years of experience in maintenance in governors of hydroelectric power plants including excitation systems. Governors are responsible to maintain constant the frequency of a power electric net. The original model of the governor in question was obtained in local field tests, not related in this paper. In this retrofit, time constants were maintained to respect the original project and avoid hydraulic harmful and dangerous transitory problems. The original continuous model of the governor was simplified toa a second order model. The second order continuous model was emulated to a discrete system. The difference equation was created and microcontroller Arduino Due was programming. The digital controller produced, was syntonized to cancel the mathematical function of the servomotor, to reduce the grade of the resulted system obtaining a second order system. The hydraulic part of the governor was simulated using 741 operational amplifiers. During the tests in the workbench the author burned two Arduino’s electronic cards so it was necessary to create the electronic interface between Arduino and the 741 amp op including over and under voltage protection. The complete set was successfully tested in workbench. The mathematical models were priory simulated with Matlab-Simulink and there were the corresponding electronic simulations in workbench that confirmed the results. This retrofit solution, using Arduino Due, is of low cost compared to traditional manufacturers.
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Author Information

Jose Luiz Guarino

Furnas Centrais Eletricas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira

Computational Modelling in Science and Technology, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Volta Redonda, Brazil

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APA Style

Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. (2023). Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. Control Science and Engineering, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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ACS Style

Jose Luiz Guarino; Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. Control Sci. Eng. 2023, 7(1), 1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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AMA Style

Jose Luiz Guarino, Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira. Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due. Control Sci Eng. 2023;7(1):1-11. doi: 10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11

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@article{10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11,
  author = {Jose Luiz Guarino and Jose Flavio Silveira Feiteira},
  title = {Retrofit of a Governor Electronic-Analogic of a Francis Turbine of 180 MW of Decade of 1960 Using Microcontroller Arduino Due},
  journal = {Control Science and Engineering},
  volume = {7},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-11},
  doi = {10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.cse.20230701.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.cse.20230701.11},
  abstract = {This paper describes the retrofit of a governor electronic-analogical of a Francis turbine of a synchronous generator of the decade of 1960. The author has many years of experience in maintenance in governors of hydroelectric power plants including excitation systems. Governors are responsible to maintain constant the frequency of a power electric net. The original model of the governor in question was obtained in local field tests, not related in this paper. In this retrofit, time constants were maintained to respect the original project and avoid hydraulic harmful and dangerous transitory problems. The original continuous model of the governor was simplified toa a second order model. The second order continuous model was emulated to a discrete system. The difference equation was created and microcontroller Arduino Due was programming. The digital controller produced, was syntonized to cancel the mathematical function of the servomotor, to reduce the grade of the resulted system obtaining a second order system. The hydraulic part of the governor was simulated using 741 operational amplifiers. During the tests in the workbench the author burned two Arduino’s electronic cards so it was necessary to create the electronic interface between Arduino and the 741 amp op including over and under voltage protection. The complete set was successfully tested in workbench. The mathematical models were priory simulated with Matlab-Simulink and there were the corresponding electronic simulations in workbench that confirmed the results. This retrofit solution, using Arduino Due, is of low cost compared to traditional manufacturers.},
 year = {2023}
}

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