Leaf Yield of Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions

Harun Odhiambo; Mercyline Ong'awa; Job Maangi; Lusike Wasilwa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions

Harun Odhiambo, Mercyline Ong'awa, Job Maangi, Lusike Wasilwa

Published in International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (Volume 5, Issue 2)

Received: 17 May 2021 Accepted: 31 May 2021 Published: 18 August 2021

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Abstract

With the rising global human population, decreasing mass of arable land, increasing demand for food and the emergence of biotic and abiotic constrains to crop production in the advent of climate change, the future of food security stares at intensified production under controlled environments such as greenhouses. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop widely cultivated by smallholder farmers both for subsistence and income generation. Uprooting the entire plant as a form of harvest is common in open-field subsistence farming systems. However, little is known about the effect of harvesting regimes on total productivity of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Mundika Boys’ High School farm, Busia County with an objective of evaluating growth and yield of cowpea (M66 variety) in response to different harvest regimes under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. Plots of cowpea stands/clusters each with four plants were subjected to three different treatments, i.e., harvest 1 (H1), harvest 2 (H2), harvest 3 (H3) and a control (no harvest or H0) in a randomized complete block design. Overall crop yield was measured by the number of trifoliate leaves (NTL) and plant height (PH) at 7-day intervals. Data collection was initiated at week 1 (for PH) and week 2 (for NTL) after emergence. The results revealed significant differences in both PH and NTL between H0 and H1, H2, or H3 (p≤0.05), implying that cowpea yields can be significantly improved by applying harvesting regimes to vegetable-only production systems. For PH, maximum values were obtained for H1 and H3. Thus, farmers can obtain higher vegetable productivity by harvesting cowpea for consumption or sale at intervals, as opposed to a one-time mass harvesting.

Published in	International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology (Volume 5, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
Page(s)	14-18
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Greenhouse, Harvesting Regimes, Cowpea, M66 Variety, Productivity

References

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[2]	N, Manivannan & Angamuthu, Mahalingam. (2021). Cowpea. 10.1016/B978-0-12-821450-3.00007-X.
[3]	Reis, C., & Frederico, A. (2001). Genetic diversity in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) using isozyme Electro-phoresis. ActaHortic, 546: 497–501 (2001).
[4]	Domínguez-Perles, R., Valdemar, C., Guilhermina, M., Isaura, D. Manuela, D., & Márcia, C. (2015). Relevance, constraints and perspectives of cowpea crops in the Mediterranean Basin. JIntLegumSoc, 1.2: 40–42.
[5]	Gonçalves, A., Goufo, P., Trindade, H., Rosa, E., Ferreira, L., & Dominguez-Peris, R. (2016). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a renewed multipurpose crop for a more sustainable Agri-food system: nutritional advantages and constraints. J Sci Food Agric, 96: 2941–2951 (2016).
[6]	Jayathilake, C., Visvanathan, R., Deen, A., Bangamuwage, R., Jayawardana, B. C., Nammi, S. and Liyanage, R. (2018), Cowpea: an overview on its nutritional facts and health benefits. J. Sci. Food Agric., 98: 4793-4806. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9074.
[7]	Ombaka, Joshua & Abong, George & Okoth, Michael & Mwang'ombe, Agnes. (2020). Trends and constraints in the production and utilization of cowpea leaves in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya. Open Agriculture. 5. 325-334. 10.1515/opag-2020-0038.
[8]	Saidi, M., Itulya, F., Aguyoh, J., & Ngouajio, M. (2010). Effects of Cowpea Leaf Harvesting Initiation Time and Frequency on Tissue Nitrogen Content and Productivity of a Dual-Purpose Cowpea–Maize Intercrop. Hortscience, 45.3: 369-375.
[9]	Dube, Ernest & Fanadzo, Morris. (2013). Maximising yield benefits from dual-purpose cowpea. Food Security. 5. 10.1007/s12571-013-0307-3.
[10]	Ojiewo, C. O., Rubyogo, J. C., Wesonga, J. M., Bishaw, Z., Gelalcha, S. W., & Abang, M. M. (2018). Mainstreaming efficient legume seed systems in Eastern Africa: Challenges, opportunities and contributions towards improved livelihoods (pp. 72). Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/9279.
[11]	Ibrahim Baoua, Mahamane Moctar Rabé, Larry L. Murdock, Dieudonne Baributsa, Cowpea production constraints on smallholders’ farms in Maradi and Zinder regions, Niger, Crop Protection, Volume 142, 2021, 105533, ISSN 0261-2194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105533.
[12]	Arie, G., Dieleman, J., & Bot, A. (2012). An Overview of Climate and Crop Yield in Closed Greenhouses. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 87.3: 193-202.
[13]	Ngalamu, Tony & Odra, James & Tongun, Nixon. (2015). COWPEA PRODUCTION HANDBOOK.
[14]	Saidi, Mwanarusi & Ngouajio, Mathieu & Itulya, Francis & Ehlers, Jeff. (2007). Leaf Harvesting Initiation Time and Frequency Affect Biomass Partitioning and Yield of Cowpea. Crop Science - CROP SCI. 47. 10.2135/cropsci2006.06.0420.
[15]	Alokit, C., & Karanja, D. (2017). Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Vegetable Growing: Facilitators Guide. Kampala: NaCRRI.
[16]	Gabriel V. Nkomo, Moosa M. Sedibe, Maletsema A. Mofokeng, "Production Constraints and Improvement Strategies of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Genotypes for Drought Tolerance", International Journal of Agronomy, vol. 2021, Article ID 5536417, 9 pages, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536417.
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APA Style

Harun Odhiambo, Mercyline Ong'awa, Job Maangi, Lusike Wasilwa. (2021). Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions. International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 5(2), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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ACS Style

Harun Odhiambo; Mercyline Ong'awa; Job Maangi; Lusike Wasilwa. Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions. Int. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 2021, 5(2), 14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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AMA Style

Harun Odhiambo, Mercyline Ong'awa, Job Maangi, Lusike Wasilwa. Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions. Int J Photochem Photobiol. 2021;5(2):14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11,
  author = {Harun Odhiambo and Mercyline Ong'awa and Job Maangi and Lusike Wasilwa},
  title = {Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions},
  journal = {International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {14-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpp.20210502.11},
  abstract = {With the rising global human population, decreasing mass of arable land, increasing demand for food and the emergence of biotic and abiotic constrains to crop production in the advent of climate change, the future of food security stares at intensified production under controlled environments such as greenhouses. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop widely cultivated by smallholder farmers both for subsistence and income generation. Uprooting the entire plant as a form of harvest is common in open-field subsistence farming systems. However, little is known about the effect of harvesting regimes on total productivity of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Mundika Boys’ High School farm, Busia County with an objective of evaluating growth and yield of cowpea (M66 variety) in response to different harvest regimes under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. Plots of cowpea stands/clusters each with four plants were subjected to three different treatments, i.e., harvest 1 (H1), harvest 2 (H2), harvest 3 (H3) and a control (no harvest or H0) in a randomized complete block design. Overall crop yield was measured by the number of trifoliate leaves (NTL) and plant height (PH) at 7-day intervals. Data collection was initiated at week 1 (for PH) and week 2 (for NTL) after emergence. The results revealed significant differences in both PH and NTL between H0 and H1, H2, or H3 (p≤0.05), implying that cowpea yields can be significantly improved by applying harvesting regimes to vegetable-only production systems. For PH, maximum values were obtained for H1 and H3. Thus, farmers can obtain higher vegetable productivity by harvesting cowpea for consumption or sale at intervals, as opposed to a one-time mass harvesting.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions
AU  - Harun Odhiambo
AU  - Mercyline Ong'awa
AU  - Job Maangi
AU  - Lusike Wasilwa
Y1  - 2021/08/18
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
T2  - International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
JF  - International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
JO  - International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
SP  - 14
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-429X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
AB  - With the rising global human population, decreasing mass of arable land, increasing demand for food and the emergence of biotic and abiotic constrains to crop production in the advent of climate change, the future of food security stares at intensified production under controlled environments such as greenhouses. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop widely cultivated by smallholder farmers both for subsistence and income generation. Uprooting the entire plant as a form of harvest is common in open-field subsistence farming systems. However, little is known about the effect of harvesting regimes on total productivity of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Mundika Boys’ High School farm, Busia County with an objective of evaluating growth and yield of cowpea (M66 variety) in response to different harvest regimes under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. Plots of cowpea stands/clusters each with four plants were subjected to three different treatments, i.e., harvest 1 (H1), harvest 2 (H2), harvest 3 (H3) and a control (no harvest or H0) in a randomized complete block design. Overall crop yield was measured by the number of trifoliate leaves (NTL) and plant height (PH) at 7-day intervals. Data collection was initiated at week 1 (for PH) and week 2 (for NTL) after emergence. The results revealed significant differences in both PH and NTL between H0 and H1, H2, or H3 (p≤0.05), implying that cowpea yields can be significantly improved by applying harvesting regimes to vegetable-only production systems. For PH, maximum values were obtained for H1 and H3. Thus, farmers can obtain higher vegetable productivity by harvesting cowpea for consumption or sale at intervals, as opposed to a one-time mass harvesting.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Harun Odhiambo

Food Crops Research Center, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Muguga South, Kenya
Mercyline Ong'awa

Food Crops Research Center, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Kabete, Kenya
Job Maangi

School of Applied Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
Lusike Wasilwa

Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Headquarters, Kenya

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Harun Odhiambo, Mercyline Ong'awa, Job Maangi, Lusike Wasilwa. (2021). Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions. International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 5(2), 14-18. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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ACS Style

Harun Odhiambo; Mercyline Ong'awa; Job Maangi; Lusike Wasilwa. Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions. Int. J. Photochem. Photobiol. 2021, 5(2), 14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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AMA Style

Harun Odhiambo, Mercyline Ong'awa, Job Maangi, Lusike Wasilwa. Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions. Int J Photochem Photobiol. 2021;5(2):14-18. doi: 10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11,
  author = {Harun Odhiambo and Mercyline Ong'awa and Job Maangi and Lusike Wasilwa},
  title = {Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions},
  journal = {International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology},
  volume = {5},
  number = {2},
  pages = {14-18},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijpp.20210502.11},
  abstract = {With the rising global human population, decreasing mass of arable land, increasing demand for food and the emergence of biotic and abiotic constrains to crop production in the advent of climate change, the future of food security stares at intensified production under controlled environments such as greenhouses. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop widely cultivated by smallholder farmers both for subsistence and income generation. Uprooting the entire plant as a form of harvest is common in open-field subsistence farming systems. However, little is known about the effect of harvesting regimes on total productivity of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Mundika Boys’ High School farm, Busia County with an objective of evaluating growth and yield of cowpea (M66 variety) in response to different harvest regimes under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. Plots of cowpea stands/clusters each with four plants were subjected to three different treatments, i.e., harvest 1 (H1), harvest 2 (H2), harvest 3 (H3) and a control (no harvest or H0) in a randomized complete block design. Overall crop yield was measured by the number of trifoliate leaves (NTL) and plant height (PH) at 7-day intervals. Data collection was initiated at week 1 (for PH) and week 2 (for NTL) after emergence. The results revealed significant differences in both PH and NTL between H0 and H1, H2, or H3 (p≤0.05), implying that cowpea yields can be significantly improved by applying harvesting regimes to vegetable-only production systems. For PH, maximum values were obtained for H1 and H3. Thus, farmers can obtain higher vegetable productivity by harvesting cowpea for consumption or sale at intervals, as opposed to a one-time mass harvesting.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Leaf Yield of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as Influenced by Harvesting Regimes Under Greenhouse Conditions
AU  - Harun Odhiambo
AU  - Mercyline Ong'awa
AU  - Job Maangi
AU  - Lusike Wasilwa
Y1  - 2021/08/18
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
T2  - International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
JF  - International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
JO  - International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology
SP  - 14
EP  - 18
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2640-429X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpp.20210502.11
AB  - With the rising global human population, decreasing mass of arable land, increasing demand for food and the emergence of biotic and abiotic constrains to crop production in the advent of climate change, the future of food security stares at intensified production under controlled environments such as greenhouses. Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], is an economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop widely cultivated by smallholder farmers both for subsistence and income generation. Uprooting the entire plant as a form of harvest is common in open-field subsistence farming systems. However, little is known about the effect of harvesting regimes on total productivity of cowpea under greenhouse conditions. This study was conducted in a greenhouse at Mundika Boys’ High School farm, Busia County with an objective of evaluating growth and yield of cowpea (M66 variety) in response to different harvest regimes under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. Plots of cowpea stands/clusters each with four plants were subjected to three different treatments, i.e., harvest 1 (H1), harvest 2 (H2), harvest 3 (H3) and a control (no harvest or H0) in a randomized complete block design. Overall crop yield was measured by the number of trifoliate leaves (NTL) and plant height (PH) at 7-day intervals. Data collection was initiated at week 1 (for PH) and week 2 (for NTL) after emergence. The results revealed significant differences in both PH and NTL between H0 and H1, H2, or H3 (p≤0.05), implying that cowpea yields can be significantly improved by applying harvesting regimes to vegetable-only production systems. For PH, maximum values were obtained for H1 and H3. Thus, farmers can obtain higher vegetable productivity by harvesting cowpea for consumption or sale at intervals, as opposed to a one-time mass harvesting.
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
ER  -

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