Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control

Olufemi Oni; Jacob Sonibare; Bamidele Fakinle; Daniel Oke; Odunola Odofin; Motunrayo Oladele; Michael Ikeh

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control

Olufemi Oni^*

, Jacob Sonibare

, Bamidele Fakinle

, Daniel Oke

, Odunola Odofin

, Motunrayo Oladele

, Michael Ikeh

Published in Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 2)

Received: 22 March 2024 Accepted: 7 April 2024 Published: 28 April 2024

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Abstract

Air pollution control is a safe method for achieving a sustainable environment and can be accomplished by adequately monitoring pollutants that pose significant environmental risks. The combustion of sulfur-containing petroleum products has been a major concern for several decades. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining sulfur levels in refined petroleum products such as Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual-Purpose Kerosene (DPK). It also investigated the air quality implications of sulfur levels and estimated the contribution of the refinery’s products to sulfur dioxide air emission. Fuel samples were collected from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) in Nigeria and analyzed using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Sulfur levels were determined at 425 nm wavelength, and sulfur dioxide air emission were estimated for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016 using the emission factor approach. The densities of PMS, AGO, and DPK were 0.77 kg/l, 0.832 kg/l, and 0.82 kg/l respectively. The levels of sulfur in PMS, AGO, and DPK were 2.007 x 10^-4 %, 6.970 x 10^-5 wt%, and 4.233 x 10^-5 wt% respectively from UV-Vis technique and 0.016, 0.087 and 0.029% respectively for EDXRF technique were found below the sulfur limit of 0.015 %, 0.005 % and 0.015 % for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.15wt% for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively. The annual sulfur dioxide emissions were obtained for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016. The results from UV-VIS were observed to have the highest SO₂ emission of 0.1718 tons for PMS in 2011, 0.2593 tons in 2010 for AGO, and 0.0974 tons for DPK in 2010, while the lowest emission was observed to be 0.029 tons for PMS in 2015, 0.0362 tons in 2015 for AGO and 0.0181 tons for DPK also in 2015. The results from EDXRF technique were observed to have the highest SO₂ emission of 13.6939 tons for PMS in 2012, 323.6881 tons for AGO in 2010, and 66.7147 tons for DPK also in 2010, while the lowest emissions for PMS, AGO and DPK were all observed in 2015 to be 2.3122, 45.1872, and 12.4182 tons respectively. The study concluded that the refinery complied with the set requirements.

Published in	Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering (Volume 9, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
Page(s)	46-55
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sulfur dioxide, Air pollution, Gasoline, Diesel, Kerosene, UV-VIS Spectrophotometer, Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence, Emission Factor

References

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APA Style

Oni, O., Sonibare, J., Fakinle, B., Oke, D., Odofin, O., et al. (2024). Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

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ACS Style

Oni, O.; Sonibare, J.; Fakinle, B.; Oke, D.; Odofin, O., et al. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2024, 9(2), 46-55. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

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AMA Style

Oni O, Sonibare J, Fakinle B, Oke D, Odofin O, et al. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2024;9(2):46-55. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11,
  author = {Olufemi Oni and Jacob Sonibare and Bamidele Fakinle and Daniel Oke and Odunola Odofin and Motunrayo Oladele and Michael Ikeh},
  title = {Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {46-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20240902.11},
  abstract = {Air pollution control is a safe method for achieving a sustainable environment and can be accomplished by adequately monitoring pollutants that pose significant environmental risks. The combustion of sulfur-containing petroleum products has been a major concern for several decades. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining sulfur levels in refined petroleum products such as Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual-Purpose Kerosene (DPK). It also investigated the air quality implications of sulfur levels and estimated the contribution of the refinery’s products to sulfur dioxide air emission. Fuel samples were collected from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) in Nigeria and analyzed using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Sulfur levels were determined at 425 nm wavelength, and sulfur dioxide air emission were estimated for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016 using the emission factor approach. The densities of PMS, AGO, and DPK were 0.77 kg/l, 0.832 kg/l, and 0.82 kg/l respectively. The levels of sulfur in PMS, AGO, and DPK were 2.007 x 10-4 %, 6.970 x 10-5 wt%, and 4.233 x 10-5 wt% respectively from UV-Vis technique and 0.016, 0.087 and 0.029% respectively for EDXRF technique were found below the sulfur limit of 0.015 %, 0.005 % and 0.015 % for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.15wt% for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively. The annual sulfur dioxide emissions were obtained for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016. The results from UV-VIS were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 0.1718 tons for PMS in 2011, 0.2593 tons in 2010 for AGO, and 0.0974 tons for DPK in 2010, while the lowest emission was observed to be 0.029 tons for PMS in 2015, 0.0362 tons in 2015 for AGO and 0.0181 tons for DPK also in 2015. The results from EDXRF technique were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 13.6939 tons for PMS in 2012, 323.6881 tons for AGO in 2010, and 66.7147 tons for DPK also in 2010, while the lowest emissions for PMS, AGO and DPK were all observed in 2015 to be 2.3122, 45.1872, and 12.4182 tons respectively. The study concluded that the refinery complied with the set requirements.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control
AU  - Olufemi Oni
AU  - Jacob Sonibare
AU  - Bamidele Fakinle
AU  - Daniel Oke
AU  - Odunola Odofin
AU  - Motunrayo Oladele
AU  - Michael Ikeh
Y1  - 2024/04/28
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 46
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
AB  - Air pollution control is a safe method for achieving a sustainable environment and can be accomplished by adequately monitoring pollutants that pose significant environmental risks. The combustion of sulfur-containing petroleum products has been a major concern for several decades. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining sulfur levels in refined petroleum products such as Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual-Purpose Kerosene (DPK). It also investigated the air quality implications of sulfur levels and estimated the contribution of the refinery’s products to sulfur dioxide air emission. Fuel samples were collected from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) in Nigeria and analyzed using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Sulfur levels were determined at 425 nm wavelength, and sulfur dioxide air emission were estimated for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016 using the emission factor approach. The densities of PMS, AGO, and DPK were 0.77 kg/l, 0.832 kg/l, and 0.82 kg/l respectively. The levels of sulfur in PMS, AGO, and DPK were 2.007 x 10-4 %, 6.970 x 10-5 wt%, and 4.233 x 10-5 wt% respectively from UV-Vis technique and 0.016, 0.087 and 0.029% respectively for EDXRF technique were found below the sulfur limit of 0.015 %, 0.005 % and 0.015 % for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.15wt% for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively. The annual sulfur dioxide emissions were obtained for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016. The results from UV-VIS were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 0.1718 tons for PMS in 2011, 0.2593 tons in 2010 for AGO, and 0.0974 tons for DPK in 2010, while the lowest emission was observed to be 0.029 tons for PMS in 2015, 0.0362 tons in 2015 for AGO and 0.0181 tons for DPK also in 2015. The results from EDXRF technique were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 13.6939 tons for PMS in 2012, 323.6881 tons for AGO in 2010, and 66.7147 tons for DPK also in 2010, while the lowest emissions for PMS, AGO and DPK were all observed in 2015 to be 2.3122, 45.1872, and 12.4182 tons respectively. The study concluded that the refinery complied with the set requirements.

VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Olufemi Oni

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, United States

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-8447-3276
Jacob Sonibare

Department of Chemical Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1121-5977
Bamidele Fakinle

Department of Chemical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1465-7850
Daniel Oke

Department of Chemical Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria

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http://orcid.org/0009-0005-2402-6605
Odunola Odofin

Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, United States

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9359-0622
Motunrayo Oladele

Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States

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http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7135-1268
Michael Ikeh

College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Oregon, United States

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http://orcid.org/0009-0001-9363-1623

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Oni, O., Sonibare, J., Fakinle, B., Oke, D., Odofin, O., et al. (2024). Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control. Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, 9(2), 46-55. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

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ACS Style

Oni, O.; Sonibare, J.; Fakinle, B.; Oke, D.; Odofin, O., et al. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control. J. Energy Environ. Chem. Eng. 2024, 9(2), 46-55. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

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AMA Style

Oni O, Sonibare J, Fakinle B, Oke D, Odofin O, et al. Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control. J Energy Environ Chem Eng. 2024;9(2):46-55. doi: 10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11,
  author = {Olufemi Oni and Jacob Sonibare and Bamidele Fakinle and Daniel Oke and Odunola Odofin and Motunrayo Oladele and Michael Ikeh},
  title = {Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control},
  journal = {Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering},
  volume = {9},
  number = {2},
  pages = {46-55},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jeece.20240902.11},
  abstract = {Air pollution control is a safe method for achieving a sustainable environment and can be accomplished by adequately monitoring pollutants that pose significant environmental risks. The combustion of sulfur-containing petroleum products has been a major concern for several decades. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining sulfur levels in refined petroleum products such as Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual-Purpose Kerosene (DPK). It also investigated the air quality implications of sulfur levels and estimated the contribution of the refinery’s products to sulfur dioxide air emission. Fuel samples were collected from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) in Nigeria and analyzed using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Sulfur levels were determined at 425 nm wavelength, and sulfur dioxide air emission were estimated for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016 using the emission factor approach. The densities of PMS, AGO, and DPK were 0.77 kg/l, 0.832 kg/l, and 0.82 kg/l respectively. The levels of sulfur in PMS, AGO, and DPK were 2.007 x 10-4 %, 6.970 x 10-5 wt%, and 4.233 x 10-5 wt% respectively from UV-Vis technique and 0.016, 0.087 and 0.029% respectively for EDXRF technique were found below the sulfur limit of 0.015 %, 0.005 % and 0.015 % for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.15wt% for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively. The annual sulfur dioxide emissions were obtained for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016. The results from UV-VIS were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 0.1718 tons for PMS in 2011, 0.2593 tons in 2010 for AGO, and 0.0974 tons for DPK in 2010, while the lowest emission was observed to be 0.029 tons for PMS in 2015, 0.0362 tons in 2015 for AGO and 0.0181 tons for DPK also in 2015. The results from EDXRF technique were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 13.6939 tons for PMS in 2012, 323.6881 tons for AGO in 2010, and 66.7147 tons for DPK also in 2010, while the lowest emissions for PMS, AGO and DPK were all observed in 2015 to be 2.3122, 45.1872, and 12.4182 tons respectively. The study concluded that the refinery complied with the set requirements.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Determination of Sulphur Dioxide Air Emission of Refined Petroleum Products by Emission Factor Approach for Air Pollution Control
AU  - Olufemi Oni
AU  - Jacob Sonibare
AU  - Bamidele Fakinle
AU  - Daniel Oke
AU  - Odunola Odofin
AU  - Motunrayo Oladele
AU  - Michael Ikeh
Y1  - 2024/04/28
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
T2  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JF  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
JO  - Journal of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering
SP  - 46
EP  - 55
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-434X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jeece.20240902.11
AB  - Air pollution control is a safe method for achieving a sustainable environment and can be accomplished by adequately monitoring pollutants that pose significant environmental risks. The combustion of sulfur-containing petroleum products has been a major concern for several decades. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining sulfur levels in refined petroleum products such as Premium Motor Spirit (PMS), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO), and Dual-Purpose Kerosene (DPK). It also investigated the air quality implications of sulfur levels and estimated the contribution of the refinery’s products to sulfur dioxide air emission. Fuel samples were collected from the Warri Refining and Petrochemical Company (WRPC) in Nigeria and analyzed using Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF). Sulfur levels were determined at 425 nm wavelength, and sulfur dioxide air emission were estimated for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016 using the emission factor approach. The densities of PMS, AGO, and DPK were 0.77 kg/l, 0.832 kg/l, and 0.82 kg/l respectively. The levels of sulfur in PMS, AGO, and DPK were 2.007 x 10-4 %, 6.970 x 10-5 wt%, and 4.233 x 10-5 wt% respectively from UV-Vis technique and 0.016, 0.087 and 0.029% respectively for EDXRF technique were found below the sulfur limit of 0.015 %, 0.005 % and 0.015 % for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively specified by Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) specifications of 0.1, 0.5 and 0.15wt% for PMS, AGO and DPK respectively. The annual sulfur dioxide emissions were obtained for seven consecutive years from 2010 to 2016. The results from UV-VIS were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 0.1718 tons for PMS in 2011, 0.2593 tons in 2010 for AGO, and 0.0974 tons for DPK in 2010, while the lowest emission was observed to be 0.029 tons for PMS in 2015, 0.0362 tons in 2015 for AGO and 0.0181 tons for DPK also in 2015. The results from EDXRF technique were observed to have the highest SO2 emission of 13.6939 tons for PMS in 2012, 323.6881 tons for AGO in 2010, and 66.7147 tons for DPK also in 2010, while the lowest emissions for PMS, AGO and DPK were all observed in 2015 to be 2.3122, 45.1872, and 12.4182 tons respectively. The study concluded that the refinery complied with the set requirements.

VL  - 9
IS  - 2
ER  -

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