Simulation of an Extractor for the Extraction of Vegetable Oil from Palm Kernel
Akpa Jackson Gonurubon,
Dagde Kekpugile Kenneth,
Afolayan Joel Tobi,
Adeloye Olalekan Michael
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
41-48
Received:
9 August 2021
Accepted:
20 August 2021
Published:
31 August 2021
Abstract: Industrial production of vegetable oil from palm kernel seed operational process was analysed in this research study with the extractor unit as the main focus of the study. The extractor unit consist of nine operational stages, which was modeled by applying the principle of the law of conservation of mass and energy respectively. The developed models were a set of ordinary differential equations, which were solved by using MatLab ODE 45 solver by applying industrial extractor plant data of Vegetable Oil Production Company. The developed models’ results were compared with the industrial extractor plant data in terms of mass fraction of oil and temperature of the raffinate and mass fraction of oil and temperature of the extract and these yielded an absolute percentage error (deviation) of 7.0, 9.52, 3.29 and 2.29 respectively. Thus, the deviations are within the acceptable limits, which shows that the developed models predicts adequately the extraction process of vegetable oil production. In addition, the effects of mass flow rates of raffinate and extraction solvent were studied with increase in mass flow rate of raffinate reduces contact time between extraction solvent and the cake thereby reducing the efficiency of the extraction process with maximum amount of oil been extracted at the minimum flow rate of 300Kg/hr.
Abstract: Industrial production of vegetable oil from palm kernel seed operational process was analysed in this research study with the extractor unit as the main focus of the study. The extractor unit consist of nine operational stages, which was modeled by applying the principle of the law of conservation of mass and energy respectively. The developed mode...
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Assessing Validity of Diffusion Controlled Model in Acid Neutralization of Lubricant Oil
Divit Gulati,
Jayesh Jawandhia
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
49-54
Received:
27 June 2021
Accepted:
22 July 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: Engine corrosion has been a long prevalent problem which is further aggravated by acids produced during combustion of fuels. Sulphur containing fuels produce sulphuric acid which must be neutralized in order to prevent corrosion at the engine cylinder lining and piston rings. In order to prevent this corrosion, lubrication oil used in combustion engines contains basic additives like CaCO3-based reverse micelles for neutralizing the acid produced. The mechanism and rate limiting step in the reaction between acid droplets and basic reverse micelles has long been a subject of study. Literature on sulpluric acid droplets neutralization speculates that diffusion of micelles towards the acid droplet is the rate limiting step. However, through this research, we have proved that a diffusion-controlled mechanism alone is not applicable. This has been done by studying various capillary video microscopy experiments on sulphuric, nitric and acetic acid. To prove the invalidity of a diffusion-controlled mechanism, we have assessed the diffusion coefficient and the viscosity at different temperature. Models for finding the diffusion coefficient & viscosity are based on Fick’s law and Stokes Einstein equation respectively. The obtained viscosity from assuming a diffusion-controlled model is compared to observed viscosity (actual viscosity) in lubricant oil to measure deviation of diffusion-controlled model from actual neutralization kinetics. Finally, we have hypothesized alternative reaction mechanisms to explain the considerable deviation found in viscosity values.
Abstract: Engine corrosion has been a long prevalent problem which is further aggravated by acids produced during combustion of fuels. Sulphur containing fuels produce sulphuric acid which must be neutralized in order to prevent corrosion at the engine cylinder lining and piston rings. In order to prevent this corrosion, lubrication oil used in combustion en...
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Effect of Process Parameter on Coal Tar Distillate Products
Ajay Kumar Gupta,
Subhadra Sen,
Ritesh Kumar,
RV Ramna,
Sarita Kumari,
Sanjay Dhakate
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, December 2021
Pages:
55-60
Received:
29 June 2021
Accepted:
22 July 2021
Published:
12 October 2021
Abstract: Coal tar pitch is broadly classified into two kinds based on their properties: Binder Pitch for aluminum and Graphite Industry Impregnated Pitch with less than 0.5% QI (Quinoline Insoluble) used in the graphite industry. To maximize value realization through downstream processing of coal tar, proposal was made to explore the feasibility of conversion of different qualities of coal tars from different steel plants to coal tar pitch (CTP) of different varieties (binder as well as zero QI impregnated for both Al & graphite industries), through first level of fractional distillation. In this study, four qualities of coal tar samples three from plant 1 (TP-1, TP-2, and TP-3) and one from plant 2 (TP-4) were collected and sent to laboratory for necessary evaluation, conversion and subsequent characterization studies. Zero QI impregnated pitch from coal tar (TP-1, TP-2, and TP-3) can also be made using solvent extraction or sedimentation process, which may not be cost-effective. Depending on the required specifications for binder & impregnated grade pitches, process parameters during vacuum distillation, were optimized through this collaborative work. On conversion of coal tar sample into coal tar pitches, QI content depends on distillation temperature, vacuum and soaking time.
Abstract: Coal tar pitch is broadly classified into two kinds based on their properties: Binder Pitch for aluminum and Graphite Industry Impregnated Pitch with less than 0.5% QI (Quinoline Insoluble) used in the graphite industry. To maximize value realization through downstream processing of coal tar, proposal was made to explore the feasibility of conversi...
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