Hemiballism a Case Report and Literature Review
Claudio Ernesto Muñiz Landeros,
Adriana Carlota Cantú Salinas,
Ezequiel Enrique Paypa Jabre,
Claudio Ernesto Muñiz Rodríguez,
Mariana Sánchez Murillo
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
14-23
Received:
20 April 2021
Accepted:
8 May 2021
Published:
5 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.reports.20210103.11
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Abstract: The term ballism derives from the Greek word ballistēs which translates as "throw". Ballism is one of the abnormal movements reported in the medical literature, characterized by the involuntary, non-purposeful action of a limb, in a repetitive, sudden, centrifugal way, and when it affects the upper and lower limbs together ipsilaterally in a patient is called hemiballism, this neurological manifestation is part of the so-called abnormal hyperkinetic movements. The objective of our report is to present the clinical picture of a patient with hemiballism who jointly presents cerebrovascular alterations and the use of dopaminergic drugs. He is a male of 79 years old, with a history of chronic degenerative diseases such as, systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus type II, cerebrovascular disease, hyperlipidemia, vascular cognitive deficit and apparently Parkinson's disease, which presented abnormal movements of sudden onset, of insidious progression, to the left side of the uncoordinated type, abrupt, thick, centrifugal, causing disability in their bodily functioning and deteriorating their quality of life. This picture began after the increase in the medicines used for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. The diagnosis of Hemiballism was established and medical treatment based on Haloperidol and reduction of the antiparkinsonic drug was provided, showing an important improvement evidenced in the attached video. A review of the anatomical, histological, physiological and pathophysiological aspects related to this type of pathology is made emphasizing the relationship of the direct and indirect pathways of the extrapyramidal system used for the modulation of the corporal movement by the primary motor system.
Abstract: The term ballism derives from the Greek word ballistēs which translates as "throw". Ballism is one of the abnormal movements reported in the medical literature, characterized by the involuntary, non-purposeful action of a limb, in a repetitive, sudden, centrifugal way, and when it affects the upper and lower limbs together ipsilaterally in a patien...
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Cardiovascular and Neurological Complications in a Patient with Diphtheria: About a Case
Elizabeth Castro,
Gabriela Chourio,
Larry Pérez,
Máximo Quintero
Issue:
Volume 1, Issue 3, September 2021
Pages:
24-27
Received:
28 August 2021
Accepted:
17 September 2021
Published:
10 November 2021
DOI:
10.11648/j.reports.20210103.12
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Abstract: Diphtheria is an infectious disease, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces an exotoxin, which is responsible for the local clinical manifestations and can lead to complications such as renal tabular necrosis, thrombocytopenia, cardiomyopathy and/or neuropathy. We present the case of a 36-year-old male patient, with no known pathological history, admitted with a diagnosis of Suspicious Case of Diphtheria, received Diphtheria Antitoxin, Tetanus Toxoid, Sodium Penicillin for 3 days and then continued with Azithromycin for 11 days. During his in-hospital evolution, the patient presented chest pain in the precordial region, electrocardiographic changes and elevated cardiac biomarkers were evidenced. Later, he was discharged from the institution due to an improvement in the clinical picture, however, 3 weeks later, he presented dysphagia to solids and decreased muscular strength in the lower extremities, bilateral, symmetrical, limiting ambulation, ascending, with subsequent involvement of the upper extremities; The physical examination revealed paralysis of the IX right cranial nerve, global IV/V muscle strength, global hyporeflexia, for which he was admitted with the diagnosis of acute post-infectious diphtheria inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, later the patient presented torpid and unfavorable evolution that arrived upon death. Despite early diagnosis and timely treatment, diphtheria has a high mortality rate, which warrants efficient epidemiological surveillance and a multidisciplinary team for the management and control of cases.
Abstract: Diphtheria is an infectious disease, caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces an exotoxin, which is responsible for the local clinical manifestations and can lead to complications such as renal tabular necrosis, thrombocytopenia, cardiomyopathy and/or neuropathy. We present the case of a 36-year-old male patient, with no known patholog...
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