The Applications of ‘N Offset’ Mechanism in the Evaluation of Reactive Nitrogen Emissions Reduction in a Typical China’s Urban Agglomeration
Xian Chaofan,
Wang Liyan,
Lu Fei,
Zheng Hua,
Ouyang Zhiyun
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
5-15
Received:
21 May 2018
Accepted:
7 July 2018
Published:
6 August 2018
Abstract: The rapid development of urbanization, resulting in direct and indirect emissions of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen to environment during nitrogen consumption, had brought the huge ecological pressure and serious environmentally pollution. Took a typical China’s urban agglomeration (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration) as example, this study constructed quantitative analysis of reactive nitrogen emissions and an evaluation index for annual reactive nitrogen removal efficiency of this region by employing data envelopment analysis. After that, this study attempted to put forward reactive nitrogen reduction countermeasures based on ‘N offset’ mechanism for the collaborative development. The results showed that, during urbanization from 2004-2014, the total reactive nitrogen emissions by Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration presented slightly decreased with fluctuation. Hebei province was the main contributor to nitrogen emission, occupying 79-84% and 74-79% of nitrogen loss to atmosphere and hydrosphere. The main sources of regional emissions were agricultural activities primarily, and then turned to industrial activities and residential livelihood. The differences existed in the impacts of urbanization on reactive nitrogen emission intensity of each region. The annual emission intensity of this agglomeration was 5.8 t N/km2. Beijing city owned the highest of emission reduction efficiency. The reduction in the emissions intensity of Hebei province and the improvement in emission reduction efficiency of Tianjin city were supposed to be the keys for overall low-nitrogen urbanization within agglomeration. The nitrogen-reduction countermeasures accompanied by corresponding pecuniary compensation, basing on collaborative ‘N offset’ mechanism, would contribute to the reciprocity among Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration towards sustainable development.
Abstract: The rapid development of urbanization, resulting in direct and indirect emissions of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen to environment during nitrogen consumption, had brought the huge ecological pressure and serious environmentally pollution. Took a typical China’s urban agglomeration (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei agglomeration) as example, this study const...
Show More
The Microhabitat Ecology of Culex quinquefasciatus (SAY) and Anopheles gambiae in Some Parts of Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Ebenezer Amawulu,
Amakiri Goodluck Consider
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
16-19
Received:
7 July 2018
Accepted:
26 July 2018
Published:
21 August 2018
Abstract: The effective control of malaria through larva source management requires the information on the breeding sites. This study investigated the ecology of mosquito larva in Sagbama town. The breeding sites of mosquitoes were identified in five locations. Mosquito larva in each breeding sites was collected into labeled containers using standard procedures. Morphological identification of larva followed standard procedures. Two hundred and twenty mosquito larva were collected from six microhabitats; motor tyres, dumpsites, gutter, containers, water pools and block holes. Species compositions were Culex quinquefasciatus (67.0%) and An. gambiae (32.94%). The differences of mosquito species across microhabitats were significant (F =12.8231, df=1, p< 0.05). The larva productivity in each of the breeding sites varies with the mosquito species. Culex quinquefasciatus in the order of increasing abundance across microhabitats were dumpsites (92.3%), water pools (61.2%), motortyres (57.3%), gutter (57.0%) and block holes (46.3%). An. gambiae were more abundant in block holes (58.7%), followed by motor tyres (44.7%) and least in dumpsite (7.7%); An. gambiae vary significantly across the breeding sites (F =5.8715, df=16, p< 0.05). The breeding adaptability of these mosquitoes to wide range of microhabitats is an indication that thereare increase transmission foci of filariasis and plasmodiasis in the rural communities.
Abstract: The effective control of malaria through larva source management requires the information on the breeding sites. This study investigated the ecology of mosquito larva in Sagbama town. The breeding sites of mosquitoes were identified in five locations. Mosquito larva in each breeding sites was collected into labeled containers using standard procedu...
Show More
