Research Article
Assessment of Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Hospital Waste Water Effluents from a Tertiary Hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Elom Ugochukwu Okpo,
Edeson Lucy Ogayi,
Amaechi-Nnaji Victoria Obumneme,
Odo Ikechukwu Ituma,
Agumah Nnabuife Bernard*
,
Iroha Ifeanyi Romanus
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
26-33
Received:
28 September 2025
Accepted:
13 April 2026
Published:
16 May 2026
Abstract: The study was carried out with an aim to isolate, characterize and determine the antibiotics resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki. Waste water effluents were collected from various units of the Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki and analysed at the Applied Microbiology Laboratory unit of the Ebonyi State University Abakaliki using standard microbiology techniques. Susceptibility of the bacterial isolates to various classes of antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. Production of Extended spectrum beta lactamase was determined by the double disc synergy method and the presence methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was determined using Cefoxitin and methicillin disc diffusion method. Our findings showed that Escherichia coli had the highest frequency of bacterial occurence (43.24%) followed by S. aureus (40.54%), Klebsiella (8.11%) and Campylobacter (8.11%). Waste water effluents from the ward complex had the highest distribution of bacteria isolates (40.54%) followed by effluents from the laboratory complex. Effluents from the theatre had the least distribution (2.70%). Out of 15 S. aureus isolates obtained from this study, 46.66% (7) were MRSA positive while out of 16 E. coli isolated from this study, 31.25% (5) were positive for ESBL production. Multi-antibiotic resistance index of S. aureus showed the highest values to be from the ward complex (1.00) and laboratory complex (0.29). Multi-antibiotic resistance index of Campylobacter species showed the highest values to be from the ward complex (0.75) and the least from laboratory complex (0.50) and that of Klebsiella species showed the highest values to be from accident/emergency (0.88) and the least from the ward complex (0.63). Multi-antibiotic resistance index of E. coli showed the highest values to be from the ward complex and laboratory complex (1.00). The presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria from hospital wastewaters showed the spreading of AMR bacteria into the environmental through wastewater. The presence of high MDR bacteria in hospital wastewater may impose public health challenges because they can transmit resistance traits to other enteric pathogenic bacteria in the community.
Abstract: The study was carried out with an aim to isolate, characterize and determine the antibiotics resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki. Waste water effluents were collected from various units of the Alex Ekwueme University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki and analysed at the Applied Microbiology Laboratory unit of th...
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Review Article
Advances in Vitamin D for the Treatment of Osteoporosis: A Review
Wenbin Sun,
Haixiao Chen*
Issue:
Volume 12, Issue 2, June 2026
Pages:
34-37
Received:
25 May 2026
Accepted:
2 June 2026
Published:
18 June 2026
DOI:
10.11648/j.bs.20261202.12
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Abstract: This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress of vitamin D in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis to consolidate available evidence for its clinical practice, combined medication schemes and relevant mechanisms linked to adipokines, so as to provide valuable references for clinical medication and further scientific exploration of osteoporosis. Literature retrieval was performed across authoritative databases including PubMed and CNKI, covering research articles published in recent years before August 26, 2025. All eligible retrieved documents were managed, classified and screened via EndNote reference management software. The incorporated studies concentrate on three core dimensions: clinical efficacy observation of vitamin D monotherapy, diverse combination therapies with anti-osteoporotic agents, and the regulatory relationship between vitamin D and multiple adipokines secreted by adipose tissue. Existing research confirms that vitamin D possesses tremendous research and clinical application potential in osteoporosis intervention. Over recent years, abundant clinical trials and basic researches have made continuous explorations and innovative breakthroughs regarding its practical clinical performance, rational combined administration principles and adipokine-mediated bone metabolism pathways. These emerging findings have greatly expanded the applicable scenarios of vitamin D and further improved its clinical value in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. In summary, by sorting out cutting-edge research data, this paper integrates updated research conclusions on vitamin D against osteoporosis. It not only helps clinicians formulate more individualized and standardized therapeutic regimens in daily practice, but also lays a solid theoretical foundation for subsequent basic researches and clinical trials targeting vitamin D, bone metabolism and adipokine network regulation.
Abstract: This review systematically summarizes the latest research progress of vitamin D in the clinical treatment of osteoporosis to consolidate available evidence for its clinical practice, combined medication schemes and relevant mechanisms linked to adipokines, so as to provide valuable references for clinical medication and further scientific explorati...
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